It takes a long time for the spores to stain due to their density, so heat acts as the mordant when performing this differential stain. Malachite green can be left on the slide for 15 minutes or more to stain the spores. In the Schaeffer-Fulton staining method, a primary stain containing malachite green is forced into the spore by steaming the bacteria. Endospores can be differentiated based on shape, either spherical or elliptical (oval), size relative to the cell, and whether they cause the cell to look swollen or not. There can also be a combination of terminal or subterminal. Types of endospores that can be identified include free endospores, central endospores( middle of the cell), subterminal( between the end and middle of the cell), and terminal ( end of the cell) endospores. Symptoms include diarrhea, belly pain, and fever. Clostridium difficile- Causes inflammation in the colon, most often from other antibiotics. Clostridium botulinum is sometimes sold as botox and prevents nerve transmission. Clostridium botulinum- Spore found in foods that have not been canned properly. Clostridium tetani,- Spore that causes lock jaw (tetanus) and rigid paralysis. Bacillus cereus- Can cause two types of food poisoning: emetic and diarrheal Bacillus anthraces, which causes anthrax Most bacteria are unable to form endospores due to their high resistance, but some common species are the genera Bacillus ( over 100 species) and Clostridium (over 160 species). This is because the DNA inside the endospore is able to survive over a long period of time. To this day, the Schaeffer- Fulton stain is still performed to help identify bacteria.Įndospores are able to last for decades in multiple hard conditions, such as drying and freezing. This improved method provided a quicker and easier test and allowed for the spores to be more susceptible to the dyes. Although this method was not the most beneficial, it was a lot more convenient than Dorner's method. Schaeffer and Fulton made the heating process a lot faster by using a Bunsen burner. Dorner used heat as a step in the process, but it was time-consuming, so in 1933, Schaeffer and Fulton modified his method. He found a differential staining technique where endospores appear green and vegetative cells appear pinkish red. In 1922, Dorner published a method for staining endospores. In the early 1900s, researchers were trying to find alternative methods to improve disease and infection from these endospores. These scientists, along with a few others, found out that spores were dormant and resistant to heat. It was found that endospores could not be stained using simple stains such as methylene blue, safranin, and carbol fuchsin. Special techniques for endospore staining include the Schaeffer–Fulton stain and the Moeller stain.Įndospores were first studied in 1876 by scientists Cohn and Koch. Endospores are able to regerminate into vegetative cells, which provides a protective nature that makes them difficult to stain using normal techniques such as simple staining and gram staining. Endospores contain a tough outer coating made up of keratin which protects them from nucleic DNA as well as other adaptations. Endospores contain little or no ATP which indicates how dormant they can be. Within bacteria, endospores are protective structures used to survive extreme conditions, including high temperatures making them highly resistant to chemicals. The spore is stained green and the vegetative cell is stained a pinkish red color.Įndospore staining is a technique used in bacteriology to identify the presence of endospores in a bacterial sample.
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